Cold Plunges Are Becoming the Sauna Industry's Next Code Fight
As contrast-therapy studios scale, U.S. states are drawing very different regulatory lines between single-user recovery tubs and public multi-user plunge pools.
A contrast-therapy setup with a cold immersion tub in a spa-like setting. Photo: Unsplash.
A 50-degree cold plunge can look like three different things at once: a bathtub to a customer, a recovery amenity to a sauna operator, and a public pool to a health department. That mismatch is becoming one of the most consequential regulatory fights in commercial sauna and contrast-therapy.
Across the U.S., states are starting to write different rules for the same experience. Some jurisdictions treat cold water as a version of a spa pool. Others carve out special categories for single-user tubs. And some are adding detailed operating checklists directly into law. For operators, this is no longer a niche compliance issue. It is now a design, staffing, and growth issue.
Why classification now matters more than ever
The cold-plunge boom has moved faster than most codebooks. What used to be an add-on outside a sauna is now a core revenue feature in private contrast suites, social bathhouses, recovery clubs, and hospitality wellness programs.
Regulators are now asking a practical question: what kind of facility is this?
The answer can change almost everything about a project, including:
- plan review and permitting scope,
- construction standards,
- filtration and disinfection requirements,
- water testing and recordkeeping,
- staffing and training obligations,
- warning signage, timers, and use limits.
When a cold plunge lands in a gray zone, operators can also face something harder to model: variable local interpretation.
California: a two-track model is emerging
California Assembly Bill 2330 has become one of the clearest examples of the split. As of April 20, 2026, the bill was active in the Assembly Appropriations Committee after passing the Assembly Health Committee 16-0.
The amended framework distinguishes between two categories:
- Cold plunge tub: aboveground, individual-use therapeutic tub maintained at 35 to 60°F with mechanical chilling, recirculation, automatic disinfection, and daily drain-and-fill. Under the bill language, these tubs would not be classified as public swimming pools.
- Cold spa: in-ground, multi-user public immersion pool at 35 to 60°F, regulated under applicable public spa-pool standards, with cooling in place of heating requirements.
For California operators, that means early design decisions — aboveground vs. in-ground and single-user vs. multi-user — can determine whether a project is regulated like a therapeutic amenity or a public aquatic facility.
Utah: volume and occupancy drive the split
Utah already defines a public cold bath as a single-bather tub or tank below 60°F, not more than 180 gallons, with enough depth for seated head-above-water immersion and continuous filtration/sanitation. The same statutory section states the health department may not impose additional operational restrictions on public cold baths.
But for larger installations, Utah is moving differently. A March 2026 Utah State Bulletin filing describes a public cold plunge pool as more than 180 gallons with multiple concurrent users, and keeps those facilities in a spa-pool-style regulatory framework with cold-specific signage and controls.
The proposed language includes plan-review consultation, visible temperature display, cooling-system requirements, cautionary language, and a recommended maximum immersion duration of 15 minutes. It also reflects active industry pushback by proposing removal of an onsite-attendant requirement while keeping the broader compliance structure in place.
Illinois: operations checklist written into statute
Illinois Public Act 104-0269, signed in August 2025 and effective January 1, 2026, amends the Swimming Facility Act with explicit cold-spa provisions.
The law defines cold water as 40 to 60°F and requires operators to implement concrete safeguards, including warning signage, pre-use staff notification, posted duration guidance, age restrictions (no children under 14), trained staff availability, first-aid/CPR competency, slip-resistant entry/exit areas, visible timing devices, and either continuous treatment or drain-and-sanitize turnover between uses.
Instead of only asking “tub or pool?”, Illinois asks “what is your operational safety system?”
Washington: full spa-pool treatment under existing rules
Washington State Department of Health guidance treats commercial cold plunges as spa pools under existing recreational-water rules. That means full compliance expectations for design, equipment, operation, and documentation.
Washington guidance has also been unusually direct about product-market friction: as of September 2024, the department said it was not aware of any self-contained cold plunge tubs that met all state requirements.
That matters for operators buying “commercial” plunge products off the shelf. Product marketing and code compliance are not always the same thing.
The safety and chemistry challenge behind the policy fight
Regulatory concern is not just paperwork. Cold-water immersion carries a different risk profile than hot-water bathing.
Public-health guidance highlights the cold shock response: abrupt breathing, heart-rate, and blood-pressure changes that can increase drowning risk if a user involuntarily gasps while submerged. It also notes rapid declines in muscular control and coordination that can impair safe exit from the water.
Cold water also complicates chemistry management. Many test kits are calibrated around warmer ranges, and low temperatures can slow reaction behavior. NACCHO MAHC Network discussions in March 2026 flagged this as a practical issue, noting that sample warming protocols may be needed for more reliable readings.
In other words, cold water can look clean while still carrying commercial bather load challenges. Clarity is not a substitute for validated sanitation and testing.
What this means for sauna operators
The same customer experience can trigger very different legal obligations based on construction type, volume, user count, and jurisdiction. A one-person aboveground tub in a private suite may be treated very differently from a multi-user in-ground plunge in a social bathhouse.
For multi-state operators, the playbook is shifting:
- design for the strictest likely jurisdiction early,
- validate classification assumptions before ordering equipment,
- budget for engineered recirculation/disinfection and operational controls,
- align staff training and emergency protocols with cold-specific risk.
Cold plunges are no longer just a cool-down feature in sauna culture. In commercial settings, they may be the feature that determines whether a business is regulated like a wellness studio or a public aquatic facility.
Arlene Scott
Senior Wellness Correspondent & Hospitality Consultant
Arlene Scott brings over fifteen years of reporting and consulting experience across energy infrastructure, sustainable design, and thermotherapy-focused hospitality.
Full byline
Arlene Scott is a Senior Wellness Correspondent for SaunaNews.com, bringing over fifteen years of experience at the intersection of energy infrastructure, sustainable design, and thermotherapy. Her work focuses on the physiological benefits of passive heat therapies and the sustainable integration of sauna culture into modern wellness routines.
Arlene's background is rooted in the clean energy transition. She was a founding writer at MicrogridMedia.com, where she covered the technical and economic viability of desalination projects, microgrid deployments, and distributed renewable energy systems. During the mid-2010s, she was a regular contributor to Greentech Media (GTM) during its independent era — prior to the Wood Mackenzie acquisition in 2016 — reporting on the early integration of thermal energy storage and sustainable infrastructure.
Transitioning her focus from macro-energy systems to human-scale wellness, Arlene now applies her technical background to the hospitality sector. She operates as an independent consultant, advising boutique hotels and eco-resorts on the design, energy efficiency, and historical authenticity of commercial sauna and thermal spa installations. Her consulting work ensures that high-end wellness facilities balance traditional Nordic bathing principles with modern sustainable engineering.
Arlene holds a specialized certification in Applied Thermic Wellness from the Nordic Institute of Passive Heat Studies (NIPHS) and is a recognized associate member of the International Sauna Association (ISA). When she isn't reviewing the latest innovations in infrared technology or consulting on a new resort project, Arlene can be found tending to her own traditional wood-fired sauna in the Pacific Northwest. You can read her complete archive of essays on energy, wellness, and sustainable living at www.arlenescott.com.
